A new form of sports betting has exploded over the last
decade across Africa. International
investors have used new technologies to offer internationally calibrated soccer
odds to participants in previously unreached markets. These companies have been pouring into
African markets, nowhere more quickly than in Uganda which now has 23 competing
betting companies and over 1,000 betting branches spread across the
country. In every commercial center of
Kampala, Uganda’s capital, newly painted signs display slogans like “They
play. You win.” and “Bet Now. Get Paid
Instantly.”
The typical betting shop consists of an open room that can
accommodate between 25-50 people. At
almost any time of day, young men, with whom sports betting is most popular, can
be found congregating in these shops, watching TV highlights and analysis and reviewing
and discussing the day’s matches in order to choose their bets. On weekends or evenings when the volume of
matches is highest, patrons spill out from the shops onto the streets,
discussing the evening’s matches and the bets they plan to play and hope to win.
Sports betting is a source of enjoyment for many of its
participants and, for most, there is an air of excitement and hope as they
place their bets. Payout sizes are
similar to American scratch tickets and if you play frequently, you’re more likely
to win eventually as well. Almost all
regular bettors can recall a time when they won. They can tell you what they bought with those
winnings and what they plan to spend their next winning on as well. Even those who themselves have never won
a large sum, are able to recall a friend or acquaintance who has won a substantial
amount. Most people are lured to the betting
shops by a love of soccer, but the most salient feature of sports betting for its
participants is the possibility of this financial payout.
In my study we began with a listing of young men, 18-40
years old, working informally around commercial centers in Kampala. In this group, we found that more than one
out of three people participate in sports betting in most weeks. Even more striking, on average, these
participants spend between eight and twelve percent of their weekly earnings on
betting. However, bettors only win back
50-65 cents per dollar spent. For a
population that sits close to the poverty line, these losses over time could
have serious implications for their personal and family finances. This is understood and acknowledged by many of
the participants. The majority recognize
that they have lost more money than they have spent, and yet they continue to
play. Furthermore, 75% of bettors report
a “way to get money” as their primary reason for betting.
Demand for betting undoubtedly has many sources, enjoyment
and camaraderie among participants, as well as misunderstanding and
misperception of the rate of return from participation are likely important
factors. My larger study attempts to examine a number of these factors. My initial
analysis took bettors’ stated financial motivation for betting seriously. In particular, people in the sample appeared to
have significant unmet liquidity needs. This is the result of demand for a number of readily identified large
expenditures, coupled with lack of access to affordable credit and difficulty
saving. In light of these constraints,
the appeal of betting is amplified as an alternative way to make otherwise
difficult purchases. Of course, this
strategy comes at the high cost of substantial losses from participation over
time.
To demonstrate the importance of this factor, I first show
that winnings do affect both the likelihood and size of large expenditures that
people make. This effect is particularly
strong among people with limited ability to save. Second, I show that improving peoples’
ability to save with a simple savings box, like a piggy bank, reduces how much
people demand betting. In addition,
having bettors think about a large expenditure they would like to make leads to
a considerable increase in a measure of betting demand. And finally, participants who learn from a
budgeting exercise that their ability to save is better than they previously
thought, reduced demand for betting. All
of these findings are consistent with demand for betting resulting, in part,
from unmet liquidity needs and impeded ability to save effectively for desired
expenditures. Finally, an analysis of
the available options for credit and saving suggest that the returns on these
two alternative strategies of generating liquidity may not be significantly better
than the return from betting for many people in the population. This final finding suggests that constraints
on saving and credit may be pushing people towards a negative-return activity
and improving peoples’ ability to save or access to affordable credit may
reduce betting demand.
In the next phase of this study, I will look at other
factors leading to high betting participation including breakdowns in personal
budgeting, misperceptions of the actual return on betting, and small-sample
fallacies. In further research I hope to
measure the impact of betting on bettors themselves, as well as their family
members, themes highlighted from focus group discussions with spouses of bettors. Further work will also explore the social
dimensions of betting participation, evident in observations of betting
locations. Given the growth and magnitude of the sports betting
industry across many African countries, further study of this topic is
important for understanding the financial realities of the people in this
population, how sports betting is impacting their lives, and if and how other
services can be targeted at vulnerable populations to ensure that any
negative effects are mitigated.
Additional findings from the research can be found
here.
Most updated version of the report and appendices can be found
here.
